Selenium supplementation in pediatric patients using parenteral nutrition: Is it time to do something? / Suplementação de selênio nos pacientes pediátricos em uso de nutrição parenteral: é hora de fazer algo?

Summary Objective: To analyze the nutritional status of selenium and verify the effect of its supplementation in pediatric patients during 14 days of parenteral nutrition (PN). Method: This is a series of cases with patients followed for two weeks while using PN. Data collection was performed at the beginning (T0), in the 7th (T1) and 14th days of PN (T2). The supplemented group received 2 µg/kg/day of selenous acid. Weight and height were measured for nutritional status assessment. Tests requested: plasma selenium, albumin, pre-albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Results: Fourteen (14) patients with inflammatory process and with low or very low weight for their ages were evaluated. In both groups (with and without supplementation), all patients had low selenium levels. Median plasma selenium concentrations were 17.4 µg/L (T0), 23.0 µg/L (T1) and 20.7 µg/L (T2). Increase and reduction of selenium occurred both in patients with high CRP and in those presenting normalization of this parameter. Conclusion: Lower plasma selenium levels have been detected since the start of the research and supplementation (2 µg/kg/day of selenous acid) was not to enough to approach the reference values.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar o estado nutricional relativo ao selênio e verificar o efeito da suplementação desse mineral em pacientes pediátricos durante 14 dias de nutrição parenteral (NP). Método: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo de uma série de casos de pacientes acompanhados durante duas semanas de uso de NP. A coleta de dados foi realizada no início (T0), no 7º (T1) e no 14º dia de NP (T2). Após randomização, o grupo suplementado recebeu 2 µg/kg/dia de ácido selenioso. Peso e altura foram aferidos para avaliação do estado nutricional. Exames coletados: selênio plasmático, albumina, pré-albumina, proteína C-reativa (PCR), colesterol total e HDL-colesterol. Resultados: Foram avaliados 14 pacientes com processo inflamatório em curso e com baixo ou muito baixo peso para a idade. Os pacientes (grupo suplementado e não suplementado) tinham baixas concentrações de selênio. A mediana dos valores de selênio plasmático foi de 17,4 µg/L (T0), 23,0 µg/L (T1) e 20,7 µg/L (T2). Aumento e redução de selênio ocorreram tanto nos pacientes com PCR elevada quanto naqueles que apresentaram normalização desse parâmetro. Conclusão: Os níveis de selênio detectados foram muito baixos e a suplementação (2 µg/kg/dia de ácido selenioso) não foi suficiente para normalização dos níveis plasmáticos.

Serum selenium and selenoprotein-P levels in autoimmune thyroid diseases patients in a select center: a transversal study

ABSTRACT Objective: Selenium (Se) supplementation has been used to help prevent the progression of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) patients. We investigated Se serum and selenoprotein P (SePP) levels in Graves' disease (GD) with and without GO, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients and in 27 control individuals (C). Subjects and methods: We studied 54 female and 19 male patients: 19 with GD without GO, 21 GD with GO, 14 with HT and 19 with HT+LT4. Se values were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum SePP levels were measured by ELISA. Results: Median Se levels were similar among all groups; GD patients: 54.2 (46.5-61.1 μg/L), GO: 53.6 (43.5-60.0 μg/L), HT: 51.9 (44.6-58.5 μg/L), HT+LT4 54.4 (44-63.4) and C group patients: 56.0 (52.4-61.5 μg/L); P = 0.48. However, serum SePP was lower in GO patients: 0.30 (0.15-1.05 μg/mL) and in HT patients: 0.35 (0.2-1.17 μg/mL) compared to C group patients: 1.00 (0.564.21 μg/mL) as well as to GD patients: 1.19 (0.62-2.5 μg/mL) and HT+LT4 patients: 0.7 (0,25-1.95); P = 0.002. Linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between SePP and TPOAb values (r = 0.445, R2 = 0.293; P < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis found no independent variables related to Se or SePP. Conclusion: A serum Se concentration was lower than in some other countries, but not significantly among AITD patients. The low serum SePP levels in GO and HT patients seems to express inflammatory reactions with a subsequent increase in Se-dependent protein consumption remains unclear.

Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress in Saudi Women with Recurrent Miscarriage

This study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant/oxidant status in recurrent miscarriage patients. Antioxidants including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH) and selenium (Se), as well as the oxidants hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidised glutathione (GSSG) and lipid peroxidation were assayed in plasma, whole blood and placental tissue of non-pregnant women (NP), healthy pregnant women (HP), and recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients. Results indicated that all antioxidant activities and levels in plasma and whole blood of HP women were consistently moderately lower, and much more significantly lower in RM patients when both were compared to those seen in NP women (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, whereas plasma antioxidant activities and levels were significantly lower in RM patients, those of whole blood and placental tissue were much more significantly lower when compared with HP women (P<0.001). Concurrent with these findings there were consistent increases of equal statistical significance and magnitude in the levels of all investigated oxidants assayed in all samples when compared in between subjects of the study as indicated above. Data thus illustrated a distinct shift in favor of oxidative reactions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and very significant decreases in the GSH/GSSG ratios in whole blood and placental tissue of RM patients when compared to HP and NP women (P<0.001). The above noted oxidative stress could have been a major causative factor of recurrent miscarriage.

Effects of various anesthesia maintenance on serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron and antioxidant capacity / Efeitos da manutenção de várias anestesias sobre os níveis séricos de selênio, cobre, zinco e ferro e a capacidade antioxidante / Efectos del mantenimiento de varias anestesias sobre los niveles séricos de selenio, cobre, cinc y hierro y la capacidad antioxidante

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sevoflurane, desflurane and propofol maintenances on serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron, malondialdehyde, and glutathion peroxidase measurements, and antioxidant capacity. METHODS: 60 patients scheduled for unilateral lower extremity surgery which would be performed with tourniquet under general anesthesia were divided into three groups. Blood samples were collected to determine the baseline serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron, malondialdehyde and glutathion peroxidase. Anesthesia was induced using 2-2.5 mg kg-1 propofol, 1 mg kg-1 lidocaine and 0.6 mg kg-1 rocuronium. In the maintenance of anesthesia, under carrier gas of 50:50% O2:N2O 4 L min-1, 1 MAC sevoflorane was administered to Group S and 1 MAC desflurane to Group D; and under carrier gas of 50:50% O2:air 4 L min-1 6 mg kg h-1 propofol and 1 µg kg h-1 fentanyl infusion were administered to Group P. At postoperative blood specimens were collected again. RESULTS: It was observed that only in Group S and P, levels of MDA decreased at postoperative 48th hour; levels of glutathion peroxidase increased in comparison to the baseline values. Selenium levels decreased in Group S and Group P, zinc levels decreased in Group P, and iron levels decreased in all three groups, and copper levels did not change in any groups in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: According to the markers of malondialdehyde and glutathion peroxidase, it was concluded that maintenance of general anesthesia using propofol and sevoflurane activated the antioxidant system against oxidative stress and using desflurane had no effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant system. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Investigar os efeitos da manutenção de sevoflurano, desflurano e propofol sobre nos níveis séricos de selênio, cobre, zinco, ferro e malondialdeído, as mensurações de glutationa peroxidase e a capacidade antioxidante. MÉTODOS: Foram alocados em três grupos 60 pacientes agendados para cirurgia unilateral de membros inferiores, feita com torniquete sob anestesia geral. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinar os níveis séricos basais de selênio, cobre, zinco, ferro, malondialdeído e glutationa peroxidase. A anestesia foi induzida com 2-2,5 mg kg-1 de propofol, 1 mg kg-1 de lidocaína e 0,6 mg kg-1 de rocurônio. Na manutenção da anestesia, sob gás de transporte de 50% O2 e 50% N2O (4 L min-1), sevoflurano a 1 CAM foi administrado ao Grupo S e desflurano a 1 CAM ao Grupo D e, sob gás de transporte em mistura de 50% O2 e 50% ar (4 L min-1), 6 mg kg h-1 de propofol e 1 mg kg h-1 de fentanil foram administrados ao Grupo P. No pós-operatório, amostras de sangue foram novamente coletadas. RESULTADOS: Apenas nos grupos S e P os níveis de MDA diminuíram em 48 horas de pós-operatório; os níveis de glutationa peroxidase aumentaram em comparação com os valores basais. Os níveis de selênio diminuíram no Grupo S e no Grupo P, os níveis de zinco diminuíram no Grupo P, os níveis de ferro diminuíram em todos os grupos e não houve alteração nos níveis de cobre em nenhum grupo no período pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com os marcadores de malondialdeído e glutationa peroxidase, concluímos que a manutenção da anestesia geral com propofol e sevoflurano ativou o sistema antioxidante contra o estresse oxidativo e o uso de desflurano não teve efeitos sobre o estresse oxidativo e o sistema antioxidante. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Investigar los efectos del mantenimiento de sevoflurano, desflurano y propofol sobre los niveles séricos de selenio, cobre, cinc, hierro y malondialdehído, las medidas de glutatión peroxidasa y la capacidad antioxidante. MÉTODOS: Fueron ubicados en 3 grupos 60 pacientes programados para cirugía unilateral de miembros inferiores, realizada con torniquete bajo anestesia general. Fueron recogidas muestras de sangre para determinar los niveles séricos basales de selenio, cobre, cinc, hierro, malondialdehído y glutatión peroxidasa. La anestesia fue inducida con 2-2,5 mg/kg-1 de propofol, 1 mg/kg-1 de lidocaína y 0,6 mg/kg-1 de rocuronio. En el mantenimiento de la anestesia, bajo gas portador de 50% de O2 y 50% de N2O (4 L/min-1), sevoflurano a 1 CAM fue administrado al grupo S; y desflurano a 1 CAM al grupo D y bajo gas portador en mezcla de 50% O2 y 50% aire (4 L/min-1), 6 mg/kg/h-1 de propofol y 1 µg/kg/h-1 de fentanilo fueron administrados al grupo P. En el postoperatorio se recogieron de nuevo muestras de sangre. RESULTADOS: Solamente en los grupos S y P los niveles de malondialdehído disminuyeron en las 48 h del postoperatorio; los niveles de glutatión peroxidasa aumentaron en comparación con los valores basales. Los niveles de selenio disminuyeron en el grupo S y en el grupo P, los niveles de cinc disminuyeron en el grupo P, los de hierro disminuyeron en todos los grupos y no hubo alteración en los niveles de cobre en ningún grupo en el período postoperatorio. CONCLUSIÓN: De acuerdo con los marcadores de malondialdehído y glutatión peroxidasa, llegamos a la conclusión de que el mantenimiento de la anestesia general con propofol y sevoflurano activó el sistema antioxidante contra el estrés oxidativo y el uso de desflurano no tuvo efectos sobre el estrés oxidativo y el sistema antioxidante. .

Study of Serum Selenium Levels in Schizophrenic Patients.

Deficiency and excess amount of trace elements play an important role in several well recognized diseases, studies are going on to establish their role in schizophrenia. Selenium and other trace elements are indispensable components for certain enzymes responsible for various metabolic processes in different tissues including the brain as they play important functional roles in peripheral and central nervous systems. Objectives: In this study, we examined the levels of selenium in serum of patients of schizophrenia and compare them with normal healthy controls. Selenium was also measured in acute and chronic stage of schizophrenia categorized on the basis of PANSS score and correlated by Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient (ρ) in total cases, acute cases and chronic cases. Method: The study population comprised 150 patients and 150 age matched controls. We measured levels of Selenium by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Results: We found that selenium levels were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia than in the control group. The levels of micronutrients studied were also correlated with disease severity and duration but found non-significant relation. Conclusion: Evaluation of selenium levels in patients with schizophrenia could prove useful. There may be role of Selenium in the pathogenesis and course of Schizophrenia and new therapeutic approaches warrants further study.

Assessment of antioxidants status and superoxide dismutase activity in HIV-infected children

Objective: This study aims to assess the nutritional status of selenium, copper and zinc; and also the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity of HIV-infected children compared to a control group. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with prepubertal HIV-infected children (n = 51) and their healthy siblings (n = 32). All biochemical measurements including plasma selenium, serum copper levels, serum and erythrocyte zinc levels and erythrocyte super-oxide dismutase activity were evaluated according to dietary, clinical and biochemical parameters. Results: Compared to the control group, the HIV-infected children had lower z-score values for height-for-age (p = 0.0006), higher prevalence of stunting (11.8%) (p = 0.047), lower selenium levels (p = 0.0006) and higher copper levels (p = 0.019). No difference was found concerning superoxide dismutase activity (p > 0.05). The HIV-infected group presented a higher proportion (45.1%) of children with zinc intakes below the estimated average requirement (p = 0.014); however, no association with zinc biochemical parameters was found. Conclusion: HIV-infected children have an inadequate selenium and copper nutritional status, which could influence the progression to AIDS. An adequate micronutrient status could improve the clinical conditions in these patients and minimize free radical production and cellular oxidative stress. .

Association between serum selenium level and conversion of bacteriological tests during antituberculosis treatment / Associações entre níveis de selênio sérico e conversão de testes bacteriológicos durante o tratamento antituberculose

Objective: To determine whether serum selenium levels are associated with the conversion of bacteriological tests in patients diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis after eight weeks of standard treatment. Methods: We evaluated 35 healthy male controls and 35 male patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, the latter being evaluated at baseline, as well as at 30 and 60 days of antituberculosis treatment. For all participants, we measured anthropometric indices, as well as determining serum levels of albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and selenium. Because there are no reference values for the Brazilian population, we used the median of the serum selenium level of the controls as the cut-off point. At 30 and 60 days of antituberculosis treatment, we repeated the biochemical tests, as well as collecting sputum for smear microscopy and culture from the patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was 38.4 ± 11.4 years. Of the 35 patients, 25 (71%) described themselves as alcoholic; 20 (57.0%) were smokers; and 21 (60.0%) and 32 (91.4%) presented with muscle mass depletion as determined by measuring the triceps skinfold thickness and arm muscle area, respectively. Of 24 patients, 12 (39.2%) were classified as moderately or severely emaciated, and 15 (62.5%) had lost > 10% of their body weight by six months before diagnosis. At baseline, the tuberculosis group had lower serum selenium levels than did the control group. The conversion of bacteriological tests was associated with the CRP/albumin ratio and serum selenium levels 60 days after treatment initiation. Conclusions: Higher serum selenium levels after 60 days of treatment were associated with the conversion of bacteriological tests in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. .

Objetivo: Determinar se os níveis séricos de selênio estão associados à conversão dos testes bacteriológicos em pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose pulmonar ativa após oito semanas de tratamento-padrão. Métodos: No início do estudo, avaliamos 35 controles saudáveis, do sexo masculino, e 35 pacientes do sexo masculino com tuberculose pulmonar. Estes foram também avaliados após 30 e 60 dias de tratamento antituberculose. Todos os participantes submeteram-se a medições antropométricas e quantificação dos níveis séricos de albumina, proteína C reativa (PCR) e selênio. Como não há valores de referência para a população brasileira, usamos a mediana dos resultados de selênio sérico dos controles como ponto de corte. Aos 30 e 60 dias do tratamento antituberculose, todos os testes bioquímicos foram repetidos, e foram coletadas amostras de escarro para baciloscopia e cultura. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 38,4 ± 11.4 anos. Dos 35 pacientes, 25 (71,0%) referiram alcoolismo, 20 (57,0%) eram fumantes, e 21 (60,0%) e 32 (91,4%) apresentavam depleção muscular pela medição da dobra cutânea tricipital e da área muscular do braço, respectivamente. De 24 pacientes, 12 (39,2%) foram classificados em moderadamente ou gravemente magros, e 15 (62,5%) apresentaram perda de peso > 10% em até seis meses antes do diagnóstico. No início do estudo, o grupo com tuberculose apresentou menores níveis de selênio sérico que os controles. A conversão dos testes bacteriológicos associou-se à relação PCR/albumina e aos níveis de selênio sérico 60 dias após o início do tratamento. Conclusões: Níveis maiores de selênio sérico após 60 ...

Serum zinc, copper, selenium, and lead levels in children with chronic renal failure

In the last two centuries, chronic kidney disease [CKD] and renal failure [RF] have been considered as the main medical problems which were fatal in many cases. Trace elements such as selenium, copper, and zinc are the components of biological enzymes which have a crucial role in decreasing reactive oxygen. The levels of these trace elements reduce in CKD patients. Close and careful nutritional support of children with CKD, particularly in the early stages of the disease, is necessary

investigation of effects of blood exchange transfusion on selenium in newborn infants by instrumental neutron activation analysis method

The evidence for the effects of blood exchange transfusion on selenium [Se] in newborn infants is unknown. This study was conducted to determine the possible effects of blood exchange transfusion on Se by comparing the Se blood concentrations before and after exchange transfusion in jaundiced neonates. A total of 30 jaundiced term neonates who underwent blood exchange transfusion [EXT] for first time because of idiopathic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, were recruited. The Se level of 30 blood bank donors' samples used for EXT were measured and 30 pairs of uncontaminated umbilical cord blood samples were investigated for Se before and after exchange transfusion. The samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis method. Serum bilirubin concentrations were measured by venous blood samples before EXT. The average of Se concentration before EXT was higher than that after EXT [629.78 +/- 283.82 SD ppb versus 454.83 +/- 213.75 SD ppb] [P<0.05]. There was significant correlation between the blood concentration of Se before and after EXT and also between the blood level of Se before EXT and total serum bilirubin level [P<0.05]. There was no significant correlation between the blood concentration of Se before EXT and babies' gender and weight [P>0.05]. The average Se level in samples obtained from transfused blood products was 507.90 +/- 223.56 SD ppb. Blood exchange transfusion caused a 28% decrease of the blood Se level because the blood donors had lower blood Se levels than the newborns. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the blood level of Se before EXT and the total serum bilirubin level

Estado nutricional e ingestão de selênio em crianças com fenilcetonúria em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Selenium intake and nutritional status of children with phenylketonuria in Minas Gerais, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar e o estado nutricional em selênio em pacientes com fenilcetonúria. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 54 crianças com fenilcetonúria, entre 4 e 10 anos de idade. O estudo foi realizado antes e após o uso de mistura de aminoácidos complementada com selênio. A segunda fase do estudo foi realizada com, no mínimo, 90 dias de utilização da mistura complementada. O estado nutricional em selênio foi avaliado por meio da análise de parâmetros bioquímicos: dosagens séricas de selênio e tiroxina livre e dosagem de glutationa peroxidase no eritrócito. A ingestão alimentar de selênio foi avaliada por aplicação de Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Quantitativo. RESULTADOS: A idade média das crianças foi de 7,0±1,8 anos, e 35,2% eram do sexo feminino. O tempo médio de complementação de selênio, em fórmula especial, foi de 122,2±25,1 dias. A mistura de aminoácidos complementada com o mineral representou 72,9% da oferta diária de selênio. Após a complementação, as concentrações médias de selênio sérico e de glutationa peroxidase no eritrócito apresentaram aumento significativo (p < 0,05). A ingestão média diária de selênio aumentou significativamente (p < 0,001), alcançando o recomendado pela Ingestão Dietética de Referência. A concentração de tiroxina livre, no soro, apresentou redução significativa (p < 0,001) em todos os pacientes na segunda fase do estudo, tendo retornado aos limites da normalidade naqueles em que estava alterada. CONCLUSÃO: A complementação de selênio por meio de substituto proteico é eficaz para melhorar e adequar o estado nutricional de selênio em pacientes com fenilcetonúria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate selenium dietary intake and nutritional status of patients with phenylketonuria. METHODS: The study prospectively evaluated 54 children with phenylketonuria, from 4 to10 years old. The study was performed before and after the use of a selenium-supplemented amino acid mixture. The second phase of the study was performed after, at least, 90 days of use of the supplementation. Selenium nutritional status was assessed through the analysis of biochemical parameters: serum free thyroxin and selenium and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes. Selenium dietary intake was evaluated by the administration of the Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age of the children was of 7.0±1.8 years, and 35.2% were female. Mean time of supplementation of selenium, on special formula, was 122.2±25.1 days. The selenium-supplemented amino acid mixture represented 72.9% of the daily supply of the mineral. Upon supplementation, mean concentrations of serum selenium and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes increased significantly (p < 0.05). The average daily intake of selenium increased significantly (p < 0.001), reaching the levels recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes. The concentration of free thyroxin, in serum, presented significant reduction (p < 0.001) in all patients during the second phase of the study, and returned to normal limits in those who had changed levels. CONCLUSION: Selenium supplementation through protein replacement is effective to improve and adapt the nutritional status of selenium in patients with phenylketonuria.

comparison of selenium concentrations between congestive heart failure patients and healthy volunteers

Selenium [Se] is an essential trace element mainly obtained from seafood, meat, and cereals. Se deficiency has been identified as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of certain congestive heart failure [CHF] syndromes. Since there is controversy over the prevalence of Se deficiency among patient with CHF, the aim of this study was to assess the serum Se concentrations in patients with CHF and compared them with the Se status of healthy controls. The study included 77 patients [age, 68.4 +/- 10.4 years old; 40.3% female] and 73 healthy volunteers [64.9 +/- 4.7 years old; 35.6% female]. A complete medical/drug history and physical examination were performed for all patients and healthy volunteers. All patients had symptoms and signs of CHF and had a left ventricular ejection fraction [EF] of < 40% obtained by echocardiography. The Se concentration was assessed by atomic absorption spectrometer with the Graphite Tube Atomizer. The limit of measurement was 5 microg/L. The Se concentrations in CHF patients did not show a significant difference from those of healthy controls [185.9 +/- 781.2 microg/L vs. 123.3 +/- 115.5 microg/L, respectively; p value = 0.499]. There was no correlation between serum Se concentrations and EF in both the normal group and the patients with heart failure [p value = 0.96 and 0.99; r = 0.006 and 0.002 for patients and healthy volunteers, respectively]. In this study, serum Se levels in CHF patients were similar to those of controls and the Se concentrations did not correlate with the degree of left ventricular dysfunction

Effects of contraceptives on serum trace elements, calcium and phosphorus levels / Efectos de los contraceptivos sobre los elementos traza en suero, y los niveles de calcio y fósforo

BACKGROUND: Women on different contraceptive methods have been linked with the development of various diseases and possible changes in serum trace elements and vitamins of women on contraceptives have been postulated. Therefore, the relationship between contraceptive use and trace elements needs to be investigated. Methods:This is a cross-sectional randomized study. After informed consent was obtained, blood samples were collected from a total of 100 women of child-bearing age on different contraceptive methods: 50 on oral contraceptives, 25 on injectables and another 25 on intra-uterine device. Blood samples were also collected from another 50 age-matched non-contraceptive users to serve as control. Serum was analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer for zinc, copper, manganese, iron, selenium, cadmium, lead and magnesium while colorimetric method was used for phosphorus and calcium. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilogram/height in meter squared. Results obtained from laboratory analysis and anthropometric measurements were analysed using computer SPSS package. Results:The mean serum zinc, selenium, phosphorus and magnesium levels obtained from subjects on contraceptives were significantly lower (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 respectively) than those of the control group. However, the mean serum copper, iron, calcium and cadmium levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in participants on contraceptive when compared with the control group. Manganese and lead levels were similar in participants and control groups. Correlation analysis shows significant association between some trace elements and the duration ofcontraception and body mass index ofthe participants. CONCLUSION: The study showed and confirmed reduced levels of trace elements in women on contraceptives. The reduction is proportional to the duration ofcontraceptive use.

ANTECEDENTES: Mujeres que usan diferentes métodos anticonceptivos han sido vinculadas al desarrollo de varias enfermedades, y se han presupuesto cambios en los elementos traza en suero y las vitaminas de mujeres en torno a los contraceptivos. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario investigar la relación entre el uso de contraceptivos y los elementos traza. MÉTODOS: Éste es un estudio transversal randomizado. Después de obtener el consentimiento infor mado, se recogieron muestras de sangre de un total de 100 mujeres de edad de maternidad en relación con diferentes métodos anticonceptivos: 50 con contraceptivos orales, 25 con inyectables, y otras 25 con dispositivos intrauterinos. También se tomaron muestras de sangre de otras 50 mujeres pareadas por edad y no usuarias de anticonceptivos, para servir de control. Se analizó el suero usando el espectrofotómetro de absorción atómico para zinc, cobre, manganeso, hierro, selenio, cadmio, plomo, y magnesio, mientras que el método colorimétrico se usó para el fósforo y el calcio. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue calculado como el peso en altura/kilogramo en metro cuadrado. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de laboratorio así como las dimensiones antropométricas, se analizaron usando el paquete computacional SPSS. RESULTADOS: Los niveles promedio en suero de zinc, selenio, fósforo y los niveles de magnesio obtenidos de sujetos bajo el uso de contraceptivos fueron significativamente más bajos (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05 y p < 0.05 respectivamente) que aquéllos del grupo de control. Sin embargo, los niveles promedio en suero de cobre, hierro, calcio y cadmio fueron significativamente más altos (p < 0.05) en los participantes bajo el uso de contraceptivos, en comparación con el grupo de control. Los niveles de manganeso y plomo fueron similares en los participantes y los grupos de control. El análisis de la correlación muestra una asociación significativa entre algunos elementos traza, y la duración de la contracepción y el índice de masa corporal de los participantes. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio mostró y confirmó niveles reducidos de elementos traza en las mujeres bajo contraceptivos. La reducción es proporcional a la duración del uso de contraceptivos.

Study of some minerals, trace elements and antioxidants in refractory childhood epilepsy

The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of some minerals, trace elements and anti-oxidants in children with intractable epilepsy compared to healthy children. In a case control study, 45 epileptic patients [24 male and 21 female] with age range between 3 to 14.5 years presented to Assiut pediatric university hospital, suffering from various types of refractory epileptic seizures compared with 20 healthy sex- and age-matched children served as controls. Serum Se, Zn, Cu, Mg, Glutathione peroxidase [GSH-PX] and Superoxide dismutase [SOD] were measured. The mean age of the patients +/- SD was 8.4 +/- 3.1y. The serum levels of Zn, Mg and Se are significant lower in patients in comparison with control, p value < 0.001 for each, with no significant difference between both groups in serum Cu. Glutathione peroxidase [GSH-PX] was significantly lower in patients in comparison with control group [p value < 0.001] with no significant difference between both groups in SOD. Some minerals [Mg], trace elements [Zn, Se] and antioxidants [GSHúPX] may play an important role in the pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy

[Comparison of anti-oxidant enzymes activity and levels of zinc and selenium in sperm and seminal plasma between fertile and idiopathic infertile men]

Reactive oxygen species [ROS]-induced lipidperoxidation can lead to dysfunction of sperm and thereby, infertility may be occurred. So, always there is a balance between amount of ROS and anti-oxidant molecules in semen. Anti-oxidant enzymes of sperm; superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], catalse and zinc and selenium can protect it from destructive effects of ROS. Hence, the present study was designed to compare the activities of these enzymes and trace elements between fertile and idiopathic infertile men. Semen specimens were collected from 30 infertile men with proven infertility by an urologist, and 30 fertile men as control donors, with age range between 20-40 years old. Semen analysis was conducted by CASA method. Atomic absorption method was used for measuring of zinc and selenium concentration. Activity assays of SOD and GPX were performed by Randox Kits. Aebi method also was applied for evaluation of catalase activity. There was no difference between the activities of enzymes in fertile men and infertile ones. Also, it wasn't seen any difference in the selenium and zinc levels of seminal plasma. There was no relationship between evaluated items with sperm parameters. Only, in asthenoteratospermic individuals negative correlations were found between GPX and sperm motility, selenium and sperm morphology. Also, in these individuals, there was a positive correlation between SOD and catalse activity. Measuring activities of SOD, GPx, and catalase and the contents of zinc and selenium of seminal plasma do not appear to be suitable tools for determining the fertility potential of sperm

Selenio en suero y plasma: epidemiología y valores de referencia / Selenium in serum and plasma: epidemiology and reference values

OBJETIVO. Revisar y analizar literatura sobre valores de selenio (Se) en suero y plasma humanos; describir algunas variaciones; obtener "valores de referencia" para los países de Europa y América Latina, y proporcionar un marco informativo para estudios futuros sobre el tema. MÉTODOS. Se buscó información sobre niveles séricos o plasmáticos de Se en personas declaradas "sanas" en la literatura científica. Se revisaron las bases LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, Medline. Se buscó información de cualquier fecha (hasta enero de 2010) e idioma disponibles. Se calcularon promedio aritmético y desviación estándar ponderados. RESULTADOS: En la búsqueda para Europa se hallaron 161 informes publicados entre 1972 y 2009, con participación de 49 869 adultos sanos, 28 países y 8 regiones. El Se sérico/ plasmático varió entre 48,2 y 124,00 µg/L. Los valores ponderados continentales fueron 85,19 ± 14,58 (intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95 por ciento para promedio: 85,124-85,256). Los promedios por país, región y técnica de medición fueron estadísticamente diferentes, con diferencias significativas entre sexos y edades. Veintitrés de los estudios fueron en menores de 19 años de 10 países europeos. Los valores ponderados fueron 74,21 ± 9,50 µg/L (IC95 por ciento 73,95-74,46). Sobre América Latina hubo solo 11 datos. El Se sérico/plasmático fue 91,51 ± 18,78 µg/L en adultos; 93,25 ± 39,20 en menores de 15 años, y 130 ± 30 en recién nacidos menores de 25 horas. CONCLUSIONES: Los valores de Se sérico/plasmático mostraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa por sexo y edad en Europa, fueron más altos en adultos y niños latinoamericanos que en europeos, pero los datos latinoamericanos se basan en pocas personas. La influencia de la técnica de medición de Se en suero/plasma se considera crítica. En América Latina se requieren estudios poblacionales adecuadamente planificados y diseñados para generar valores de referencia autóctonos sobre Se en suero/plasma.

OBJECTIVE: To review and analyze the literature on selenium (Se) levels in human serum and plasma; to describe some variations; to obtain reference values for the countries of Europe and Latin America, and to provide an information framework for future studies on the subject. METHODS: Scientific literature was reviewed to gather information on selenium serum or plasma levels in people identified as "healthy." The LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed Medline databases were consulted. The search for information could be from any date (up to January 2010) and in any language. Weighted arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated. RESULTS: For Europe, 161 reports published between 1972 and 2009 were found, covering 49 869 healthy adults, 28 countries, and 8 regions. Serum/plasma Se levels ranged from 48.2 to 124.00 µg/L. Weighted values for Europe were 85.19 ± 14.58 (CI 95 percent for the weighted average, 85.124-85.256). The averages by country, region, and measurement technique were statistically different, with significant differences associated with sex and age. Twenty-three of the studies involved individuals under 19 years of age in 10 European countries. The weighted values for this population were 74.21 ± 9.50 µg/L (CI 95 percent, 73.95-74.46). Only 11 studies from Latin America were available. Serum/plasma Se was 91.51 ± 18.78 Ìg/L in adults; 93.25 ± 39.20 in children under 15; and 130 ± 30 in newborns less than 25 hours old. CONCLUSIONS: Se serum/plasma levels in Europe showed statistically significant differences by sex and age. Se levels were higher in Latin American adults and children than in Europeans, but the Latin American data are based on few people. The technique for measuring Se in serum/plasma appears to have a significant influence. Properly planned and designed population studies should be conducted in Latin America in order to establish regional reference values for Se in serum and plasma.

Non-enzymatic antioxidant status of women using four different methods of contraception

To investigate antioxidant status of women on four different methods of contraception. Sixty non-pregnant women aged 16-45 years on oral contraceptive pills, injectables, Norplant and intra-uterine contraceptive devices [IUD] attending the Family Planning Clinics of the University College Hospital [UCH] and Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Ibadan were recruited for the study. Fifty-eight apparently healthy women aged 16-45 years who were not on any contraceptive served as a control group. The body mass index [BMI] of all participants [subjects and controls] was determined following standard protocol. Serum levels of ascorbic acid, tocopherol, malondialdehyde, bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, total protein and albumin were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods. Progesterone was estimated by the chemilumiscence method while selenium was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry [AAS]. The BMI was significant in women on oral contraceptive pills [OCP] when compared to the control group [P<0.05] but insignificant [P>0.05] in intra-uterine device [IUD], injectables and Norplant users. The mean serum ascorbic acid [P<0.01], tocopherol [P<0.05], total protein [P<0.01], albumin [P<0.05], uric acid [P<0.05], selenium [P<0.01] of women on OCP were significantly lower when compared to the control group but insignificant [P>0.05] in users of other contraceptive methods. Serum levels of malondialdehyde was significantly elevated in women on OCP [P<0.01] than in control group and insignificant P>0.05] in users of other contraceptive methods. There was no significant association between progesterone and antioxidants in women on OCP, IUD, injectables and Norplant. Oral contraceptive pills showed a significant decreasing effect on the antioxidant status of its users while IUD, injectables and Norplant did not indicate any significant effect. Routine monitoring of the antioxidant status of women on different methods of contraceptive particularly those on OCP is recommended

Fenilquetonuria e ingesta de selenio, zinc y vitamina E / Phenylketonuria and intake of selenium, zinc and vitamine E

La Fenilquetonuria (PKU) se produces por la deficiencia de la enzima Fenilalanina Hidroxilasa, causando un aumento plasmático de fenilalanina (FA). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de Selenio (Se), Zinc (Zn) y vitamina E en niños PKU menores de 13 años de edad, que estaban en dieta restringida en FA y recibiendo fórmula especial sin FA. Método: Se incluyeron 50 PKU entre los 0 y 13 años y en control en el INTA, Universidad de Chile. Se analizó ingesta de vitamina E, Se y Zn, se midió nivel de FA en plasma y se evaluó estado nutritional. Resultados: Las recomendaciones diarias de Se y Zn se cubren en un 100 por ciento con la dieta habitual de PKU. Pero al excluir la formula sin FA, la cobertura de ambos nutriente disminuye a 45 por ciento y 20 por ciento respectivamente. La ingesta de vitamina E se cubre en forma natural por el consumo de aceites vegetales y al incluir la vitamina de la fórmula sin FA, la cobertura se incrementaba 5 veces sobre su recomendación. El nivel de FA en la sangre fue en promedio de 5.4 mg/dL, considerado un buen control metabólico. El 64 por ciento tenía un estado nutritional normal, el 30 por ciento estaba sobrepeso u obeso y un 6 por ciento riesgo de desnutrición. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la dieta de niños PKU cubre las recomendaciones de los micronutrientes: Zn, Se y vitamina E. No obstante se debe enfatizar la importancia que tiene la fórmula sin FA para cumplir con las recomendaciones nutricionales, especialmente de micronutrientes.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, resulting in increased plasma Phenylalanine (Phe). The aim of this study was to assess the intake of Selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn) and vitamin E in PKU children, who were on a diet restricted in Phenylalanine (Phe) and receiving a special formula without Phe. Method: the study included 50 PKU children between 0 and 13 years controled at INTA, University of Chile. We analyzed intake of vitamin E, Se and Zn, measured Phe plasma levels and assessed nutritional status. Results: The daily recommendations of Se and Zn were 100 percent covered with the usual PKU diet. By excluding the formula without Phe, the coverage of both nutrients decreased to 45 percent and 20 percent respectively. The intake of vitamin E was covered by the consumption of vegetable oils and when the formula without Phe was included, the coverage was increased 5 times over the recommended levels. Blood Phe level remained on average at 5.4 mgldL, considered a good metabolic control. Conclusions: We conclude that the diet of PKU children covered the recommended levels of Zn, Se and vitamin E. However, it should be emphasized the importance of the formula without Phe to meet nutritional recommendations, particularly of micronutrients.

Avaliação dos níveis sanguíneos do hormônio tireoidiano ativo (T3) e do estado nutricional relativo ao selênio de mulheres residentes em área de exposição ao mercúrio / Assessment of thyroid hormone (T3) levels and selenium status of women living in mercury exposure area

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar, em seres humanos, se a exposição ao mercúrio acarreta alterações no estado nutricional relativo ao selênio que possam interferir na ativação do hormônio tireoidiano T₃. Estas alterações poderiam ocorrer pela redução da disponibilidade do selênio, uma vez que este mineral é considerado um fator protetor contra a intoxicação pelo mercúrio, realizando ligações com o metal e desta forma, inibindo sua absorção; e portanto, a conversão do hormônio tiroidiano T₄ em T₃ poderia ser prejudicada, tendo em vista que é dependente de selenoproteínas. Alguns estudos têm avaliado a relação entre mercúrio e selênio na população brasileira, no entanto, não têm observado qual o efeito desta interação nos hormônios tiroidianos. A importância deste estudo está em detectar se existem estas alterações, e se elas forem observadas, sugerir formas de melhorar o estado nutricional relativo ao selênio, para minimizar a contaminação por mercúrio e os problemas acarretados pela redução dos níveis circulantes do hormônio tiroidiano ativo. Nesta pesquisa foram formados três grupos, um em Cubatão, um em Novo Airão na região amazônica e, como grupo controle, um em São Paulo. Foi observado que os grupos de Cubatão e São Paulo não se encontram em risco de intoxicação por mercúrio. Já o grupo formado em Novo Airão apresentou teores altos do metal. A ingestão de selênio em todos os grupos apresentou índices de inadequação de consumo acima dos 30%, no entanto, todos se apresentaram adequados em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos do mineral, e também em relação às concentrações dos hormônios tireoidianos. Nesta pesquisa foi observado que na região amazônica, apesar dos valores elevados de mercúrio, este não provocou efeito no estado nutricional relativo ao selênio e no metabolismo normal dos hormônios tireoidianos. Mais estudos são necessários para que a dinâmica entre selênio e mercúrio seja completamente elucidada...

The aim of this work was to assess, in human beings, if mercury exposure may lead to changes in selenium status that may interfere with the conversion of active thyroid hormone T₃. Changes in selenium status could occur for a reduction in its bioavailability, once the mineral is considered as a protection factor against mercury intoxication, by bounding to the metal and inhibiting its absorption, and so disturbing the conversion of T₄ to T₃, witch is dependent on selenoproteins. Some researches have assessed the relationship between mercury and selenium in Brazilian population, but these studies did not observed the effects of this interaction in the thyroid hormones concentrations. This research is important because it might detect if there is such interaction, and if it is observed, may suggest viable ways to ameliorate selenium status, reduce mercury contamination risk and the problems that might occur due to reduction on active thyroid hormones concentration. For this research three groups were formed, one in the city of Cubatão, one in Novo Airão in the amazon region, and, as a control group, one in São Paulo city. Is has been observed that the groups of Cubatão and São Paulo are not in risk for mercury intoxication. However, in Novo Airão, the levels of Mercury found were high. Analysis of selenium intake in all groups show that in all of than inadequate rate intake was over 30%, however, in every group biomarkers for selenium were adequate, as well as the thyroid hormone levels. Hence, this study observed that in Amazon region, in spite of high mercury levels, there is no effect in selenium status and in the thyroid hormone. Further investigations are needed to fully elucidate mercury and selenium interaction, especially in regions were an acute exposure to the metal might happen, when the consequences of this mey be deleterious to selenium status and its functions.

Organic and inorganic selenium compounds produce different protein patterns in the blood plasma of rats

Some selenium compounds offer important health benefits when administered at supranutritional doses, such as improvement of the immune system and of male fertility, and the prevention of some types of cancer. The traditional selenium indexes do not account for the metabolic status of this element among replete individuals. As a consequence, there is a need for new indexes that distinguish between repletion statuses of selenium. The aim of this work was to indentify some plasmatic proteins that respond to supranutritional doses of selenium, which could be proposed as new protein markers of selenium intake. The effect on rats of dietary supplementation with either selenomethylselenocysteine (SMSeC) or sodium-selenate on some blood plasma proteins was investigated. Two experimental groups consisting of six rats each were fed a basic diet supplemented with either SMSeC or sodium-selenate at 1.9 mg-Se / g-diet for ten weeks. The control group was fed a diet that contained the recommended selenium dose (0.15 mg-Se / g-diet). The changes in the abundance of a group of plasmatic proteins were quantified and analysed statistically. Haptoglobin, apolipoprotein E and transthyretin increased their abundance after diet supplementation with either form of selenium. HNF6 was responsive only to SMSeC, whereas fibrinogen responded only to sodium-selenate. We postulate that the protein patterns observed in this work could be proposed as new molecular biology-based markers of selenium intake.

Study the changes of the levels of some trace elements and minerals in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease

Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is a chronic inflammatory process that involves the colon in Ulcerative colitis [UC] and may involve any part of the entire gastrointestinal tract in Crohn's disease [CD]. The aetiology and pathogenesis of IBD are still unclear. Nutrition plays an important role in pathogenesis and treatment. The aim of the present study was to study the level of some minerals and trace elements in inflammatory bowel disease and correlate their levels with the disease activity. The study was carried out on patients of previously diagnosed IBD [included 10 CD patients and 10 UC patients] as a patient group and ten healthy volunteers as a control group. The disease activity in all patients were assessed according to Crohn's disease activity index [CDAI], and Truelove and Witts criteria for ulcerative colitis. Sample collection of some minerals and trace elements were done on fasting serum samples including:- Calcium [Ca], Phosphorus [Ph], Magnesium, Chromium, Copper, Selenium, and Zinc. The results of plasma concentrations of some minerals and trace elements in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease patients and controls showed a significant reduction of serum calcium [P=0.000], serum phosphate [P=0.01], serum magnesium [P=0.000], serum copper [P=0.000], serum selenium [P=0.004],and serum zinc [P=0.000] in patients with UC and CD than controls. However, chromium was significantly elevated in UC and CD patients than controls [P=0.03, P=0.000 respectively]. Using inter-groups comparison; only serum calcium level showed a statistically significant difference in CD patients than UC patients. we found that the assessment of patient with IBD should include a focus on nutritional aspects even minerals and trace elements. Plasma or serum concentration of antioxidants including trace elements could be used as a biomarker of oxidative stress which has been established in IBD